Attention graph fusion with MLAS FlashAttention #29126
Performance numbers for Owl-v2 model on intel i9:
```
ORT: Average inference time over 10 runs: 1411.55 ms (min 1399.75, max 1438.89)
NEW: Average inference time over 10 runs: 1078 ms (min 1048.04, max 1110.61)
```
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core: fix numerical instability and UB in VBLAS SIMD helpers #29140
### Description
**Fixes #28845**
**Root cause identified by:** stubbing out `VBLAS<double>::givens()` to return 0 immediately — both tests pass, confirming the divergence originates in the double-precision Givens SIMD rotation.
**Main fix:** Use FMA form in `VBLAS::{float,double}::givens()` to keep JacobiSVD vector rotation numerically stable on SIMD/FMA builds.
This fixes the fisheye homography initialization divergence (`RMS 36.2553` vs `1`) seen in `RegisterCamerasTest.hetero1/2` under GCC 13.
**Additional fix:** Replace fixed-size temporary storage `sbuf[2]` in `VBLAS<double>::dot()` with `v_reduce_sum()` to avoid out-of-bounds stores on wide SIMD backends (e.g., AVX2 `v_float64` requires 4 lanes, causing UB).
**Verification:**
Passed full `opencv_test_core` and `opencv_test_calib` locally under Ubuntu 24.04 (GCC 13) with AVX2.
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dnn int8 optimization #29079
all_layers.hpp
- Add float_input flag to Conv2Int8Params and Conv2Int8Layer to let the first conv accept raw FP32 input and quantize internally.
graph_fusion_qdq.cpp :
- Fuse DQ → Sigmoid → QL into SigmoidInt8, Similarly for MAxPool.
- Fuse the input QuantizeLinear node into the first Conv2Int8.
conv2_int8_layer.cpp
- Add quantizeInterleaveBlock()
conv2_int8_kernels.simd.hpp
- Add spatial tiling to both convInt8BlockVNNI and convInt8BlockDepthwise: splits output pixels into tiles so total task count is N × ngroups × Kblk × ntiles, fully utilizing all threads even when the channel count is small.
elementwise_layers.cpp
- Widen CV_Assert to accept CV_8U in addition to CV_8S.
eltwise2_int8_layer.cpp
- Add QLinearMul support: new Mul math path for both signed and unsigned int8.
- Add numpy-style broadcast support so QLinearMul / QLinearAdd with scalar
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Add KV cache with paged attention and prefetch #29127
Closes: https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/27159
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FP32 KV Cache #28840
OpenCV Extra: https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/pull/1348
## This PR introduces basic (Paged ) KV-Cache to use on CPU
### Summary:
1. To ensure proper gemm-prepacking,
1.1. The Page Size of Key Cache is currently hardcoded as `FAST_GEMM_F32_NR`(which is 8, 12 or 16 depending on CPU architecture)
1.2. The Page Size of Values Cache is hardcoded as `FAST_GEMM_F32_PACKED_STRIDE_K`
2. there are two phases supported - prefill & generate.
2.1. prefill grows cache by `N` tokens and is allowed **only** for empty cache
2.2. generate grows cache by 1 token.
2.3. **Improtant**: it is currently not allowed to grow non-empty cache by more than one token at a time (thisbehaviour is sufficient for normal LLM querying, but should be extended if we want to implement speculative decoding)
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Dnn pow layer output type fix#29124
### Description
This pull request needs https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/pull/1372 to run.
**issue:** when running disk-lightglue `.onnx` model, such error message is thrown:
```bash
Error message OpenCV(5.0.0-pre) /home/tapakya/cpp/opencv_mod/opencv/modules/dnn/src/layers/nary_eltwise_layers.cpp:410: error: (-2:Unspecified error) in function 'virtual void cv::dnn::NaryEltwiseLayerImpl::getTypes(const std::vector<int>&, int, int, std::vector<int>&, std::vector<int>&) const'
> All inputs should have equal types (expected: 'inputs[0] == input'), where
> 'inputs[0]' is 11 (CV_64SC1)
> must be equal to
> 'input' is 5 (CV_32FC1)
```
This is because in `nary_eltwise_layers.cpp`, `getTypes` didn't set the output type of power operation correctly. `int`^`float` should output `float`, whereas `getTypes` set the output type to `int` in this case.
```c++
if (op == OPERATION::POW) {
CV_Assert(inputs.size() == 2);
auto isIntegerType = [](int t) {
return t == CV_8S || t == CV_8U || t == CV_16S || t == CV_16U || t == CV_32S || t == CV_32U || t == CV_64S || t == CV_64U;
};
auto isFloatType = [](int t) {
return t == CV_32F || t == CV_64F || t == CV_16F || t == CV_16BF;
};
int out_type;
const bool baseIsInt = isIntegerType(inputs[0]);
const bool expIsInt = isIntegerType(inputs[1]);
const bool baseIsFloat = isFloatType(inputs[0]);
const bool expIsFloat = isFloatType(inputs[1]);
if ((baseIsInt && expIsInt) || (baseIsFloat && expIsFloat))
{
out_type = (inputs[0] == inputs[1]) ? inputs[0] : CV_32F;
}
else if (baseIsFloat != expIsFloat)
{
out_type = inputs[0];
// if base is int and exp is float, output type should be float
}
```
**fix:** corrected the logic of determining output type
```c++
if ((baseIsInt && expIsInt) || (baseIsFloat && expIsFloat))
{
out_type = (inputs[0] == inputs[1]) ? inputs[0] : CV_32F;
}
else if (baseIsFloat && !expIsFloat)
{
out_type = inputs[0];
}
else if (!baseIsFloat && expIsFloat)
{
out_type = CV_32F;
}
```
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dnn: skip Conv2Int8 fusion for grouped convs with Kg<8 (#28798) #28920
OpenCV Extra: https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/pull/1360
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---
Fixes#28798.
The YuNet 2023mar int8 model from opencv_zoo doesn't detect anything on 5.x. With `--score_threshold
0.05` the detector still returns no boxes, so it's not just a confidence drop — the network output is
broken.
After dumping intermediate tensors and comparing against onnxruntime, the `obj_*` branches collapse to
~0 (saturated int8 `-128`), and the `cls_*` branches saturate the other way. Final score is `cls * obj`
so nothing ever crosses threshold.
The cause is in `Conv2Int8`'s VNNI kernel. It processes `K0 = 8` output channels per SIMD iteration and
writes them as one `K0`-wide block to `out + (n*K1 + k1)*planesize` with `k1 = k_base / K0`. When
`ngroups > 1` and `Kg = K/ngroups < K0`, consecutive groups share the same `k1` slot and overwrite each
other — only the last group's result survives. YuNet has six `1x1x3x3` depthwise conv heads (`Kg = 1`),
which is exactly this case.
The unfused `DequantizeLinear → Conv2 → QuantizeLinear` path is fine. The minimal fix here is to skip
the rewrite to `Conv2Int8` when `Kg < 8` so we fall back to the float path. A proper depthwise int8
kernel can be added later as a separate optimization.
Verified with `samples/dnn/face_detect.py` on Lena:
Before:
AssertionError: Cannot find a face in samples/data/lena.jpg
After:
Face 0, top-left coordinates: (204, 187), box width: 149, box height 212, score: 0.89
Cross-check vs onnxruntime: `cls_8` mean `0.673` (was `0.93`, ORT `0.673`), `obj_8` max `0.0039` (was
`0`, ORT `0.0039`).
The regression test is a single 16-group depthwise `QLinearConv` with non-zero `x_zp`, added to
`Quantized_Convolution`. Test data is in opencv_extra on the matching branch (~9 KB total).
<img width="1864" height="1060" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/a1b15c64-6b84-42b1-86a4-1d55474cb38c" />
Libpng warning fix on Windows #29120
CI warning:
```
Warning: C:\GHA-OCV-3\_work\opencv\opencv\opencv\3rdparty\libpng\pngread.c(4114,21): warning C4146: unary minus operator applied to unsigned type, result still unsigned [C:\GHA-OCV-3\_work\opencv\opencv\build\3rdparty\libpng\libpng.vcxproj]
Warning: C:\GHA-OCV-3\_work\opencv\opencv\opencv\3rdparty\libpng\pngwrite.c(2033,21): warning C4146: unary minus operator applied to unsigned type, result still unsigned [C:\GHA-OCV-3\_work\opencv\opencv\build\3rdparty\libpng\libpng.vcxproj]
```
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Fixed write return status in videoio module#29087
closes: https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/24287
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- Replaced scalar fallback and legacy CV_SIMD128 with modern scalable CV_SIMD.
- Added support for multi-channel (2/3/4) and 16-bit (ushort/short) configurations.
- Utilized v_select for branchless execution and vx_load_expand for mixed-bitwidth mask handling.
- Updated accuracy and perf tests.
Fix JPEG chroma configuration & Standardize component settings #28667
### Problem
Incorrectly treated Chroma as a single channel. In $YC_bC_r$, chroma must be set in both separate channels ($C_b$ and $C_r$).
### Fix
- Explicit Setup: Configured all three components ($Y$, $C_b$, $C_r$) individually.
- Standardization: Removed reliance on library defaults to prevent undefined behavior.
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Better Durand-Kerner Initialization #29109
While investigating issue #23644, I have found [this paper](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01935059) which presents a good initialization for the Durand-Kerner algorithm. Basically the idea is to put the initial points equidistantly on a circle on the complex plane. The radius of the circle is computed as
<img width="607" height="178" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/ea31b002-c924-4b93-9334-3e59597c896b" />
Note that the $a_i$ coefficients in that paper are reversed compared to OpenCV. That's where the `(n - i)` in the code comes from.
I have implemented just the mean of the $u_i$'s for the sake of simplicity. That's already enough to make the algorithm converge in all cases I have tested. I have used this to test for convergence for many polynomials of order 2 and 4 and coefficients of different magnitudes:
```cpp
TEST(Core_SolvePoly, large_test)
{
cv::Mat_<float> coefs3(1,3);
cv::Mat_<float> coefs5(1,5);
cv::Mat r;
double prec;
for (int c0 = -20; c0 <= 20; c0++)
{
coefs3.at<float>(0) = c0;
for (int c1 = -20; c1 <= 20; c1++)
{
coefs3.at<float>(1) = c1;
for (int c2 = -20; c2 <= 20; c2++)
{
coefs3.at<float>(2) = c2;
prec = cv::solvePoly(coefs3, r);
EXPECT_LE(prec, 1e-6);
}
}
}
for (int c0 = -10; c0 <= 10; c0++)
{
coefs5.at<float>(0) = c0;
for (int c1 = -10; c1 <= 10; c1++)
{
coefs5.at<float>(1) = c1;
for (int c2 = -10; c2 <= 10; c2++)
{
coefs5.at<float>(2) = c2;
for (int c3 = -10; c3 <= 10; c3++)
{
coefs5.at<float>(3) = c3;
for (int c4 = -10; c4 <= 10; c4++)
{
coefs5.at<float>(4) = c4;
prec = cv::solvePoly(coefs5, r);
EXPECT_LE(prec, 1e-2);
}
}
}
}
}
for (int i = -10; i < 10; i++)
{
coefs3.at<float>(0) = pow(2, i);
for (int j = -10; j < 10; j++)
{
coefs3.at<float>(1) = pow(2, j);
for (int k = -10; k < 10; k++)
{
coefs3.at<float>(2) = pow(2, k);
prec = cv::solvePoly(coefs3, r);
EXPECT_LE(prec, 1e-6);
}
}
}
}
```
This test passes, but I have not committed it because it runs for a couple of seconds.
This fixes#23644 and replaces #29055. I have checked #29055 and it does not pass the test above. It seems to be optimized to the precise polynomial of #23644.
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videoio(mjpeg): fix heap-buffer-overflow in put_bits off-by-one resize guard #29113
### Summary
Fix a heap-buffer-overflow (WRITE of size 4) in the built-in MJPEG encoder detected by AddressSanitizer during fuzzing.
Fixes#29112
### Root Cause
`mjpeg_buffer::put_bits` in `modules/videoio/src/cap_mjpeg_encoder.cpp` guards buffer resize with:
```cpp
if ((m_pos == (data.size() - 1) && len > bits_free) || m_pos == data.size())
resize(int(2 * data.size()));
```
When `len == bits_free` the guard is **false** (strict `>`), so no resize happens. The subsequent code then:
1. Subtracts `len` from `bits_free`, making it exactly 0.
2. Enters the `bits_free <= 0` branch and executes `++m_pos`.
3. Writes `data[m_pos]` — now equal to `data[data.size()]` — **out of bounds**.
### Fix
Change `len > bits_free` to `len >= bits_free` so the buffer is grown whenever the current slot will be exactly or more than consumed.
```diff
-if ((m_pos == (data.size() - 1) && len > bits_free) || m_pos == data.size())
+if ((m_pos == (data.size() - 1) && len >= bits_free) || m_pos == data.size())
```
### Verification
Reproducer (1×1 grayscale frame, `CAP_OPENCV_MJPEG`):
```cpp
uint8_t pixel = 0xff;
cv::Mat frame(1, 1, CV_8UC1, &pixel);
int fourcc = cv::VideoWriter::fourcc('M', 'J', 'P', 'G');
cv::VideoWriter writer;
writer.open("/tmp/poc.avi", cv::CAP_OPENCV_MJPEG, fourcc, 25.0, cv::Size(1,1), false);
writer.write(frame);
```
Ran under `-fsanitize=address,undefined`; exits cleanly with no error after this fix.
### Regression Test
`TEST(Videoio_MJPEG, put_bits_no_heap_overflow)` added to `modules/videoio/test/test_video_io.cpp` — opens a `CAP_OPENCV_MJPEG` VideoWriter for a 1×1 grayscale file and writes one frame; asserts `EXPECT_NO_THROW`.
Added MLAS third party module and integrated into GeMM path #28934
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fix int32 overflow in shape_utils::total() for large tensors #29093
Fixes https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/24914
### Problem
When running inference with a ConvTranspose (deconvolution) layer on large inputs
(e.g. 4864×4864 with 30 channels), the DNN module crashes with:
OpenCV net_impl.cpp: error:
(expected: 'total(ints[i]) > 0'), where
'total(ints[i])' is -1455947776
must be greater than
'0' is 0
The root cause is `shape_utils::total()` which returns `int` (32-bit signed).
`ENGINE_CLASSIC` catches this via `CV_CheckGT` and throws.
`ENGINE_NEW` was silently bypassing the check — the overflow in `total()` itself
was never addressed.
### Changes
**`modules/dnn/include/opencv2/dnn/shape_utils.hpp`** — root fix
- Changed return type of both `total()` overloads from `int` to `size_t`
- Changed accumulator from `int elems = 1` to `size_t elems = 1`
**`modules/dnn/src/net_impl.cpp`**
- Updated `CV_CheckGT(total(...), 0)` to `CV_CheckGT(total(...), (size_t)0)`
to match the new return type
**`modules/dnn/src/net_impl2.cpp`**
- Added the same `CV_CheckGT` shape validation that `ENGINE_CLASSIC` has in
`net_impl.cpp:1333-1337` — `ENGINE_NEW` was missing this check entirely
**`modules/dnn/src/legacy_backend.hpp`**
- Removed the now-incorrect `(int)` cast in `CV_CheckEQ` — both sides are
now `size_t`
### Test
Added `Net.ShapeUtils_total_no_int32_overflow` in `modules/dnn/test/test_misc.cpp`:
- The shape [1920 × 1,478,656] is the exact im2col buffer from the bug report.
EXPECT_EQ verifies total() returns the correct size_t value 2,839,019,520.
EXPECT_LT documents that casting it to int wraps to -1,455,947,776 — the
value that caused the original crash.
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requires (YOLO26n , RetinaFace model download) : https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/pull/1357
added performance tests for 14 modern deep learning models to `modules/dnn/perf/perf_net.cpp.`
**Tests added**
- RT_DETR_L
- RF_DETR
- Grounding_DINO
- BlazeFace
- RetinaFace
- YOLO26n
- YOLO26m_Seg
- SegFormer_B2_Clothes
- Depth_Anything_V2
- SigLIP
- OWLv2
- RAFT
- SAM2_Encoder
- SAM2_Decoder
Models are available at: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1lpYAWSLMtxcmfDtYjiw0qwzZX0bCH-i4
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Add missing DataLayout constants in generated bindings for 5.x #29074
- Added DATA_LAYOUT_* constants to missing_consts so they
are manually injected into Core.java (same approach used for CV_8U, FILLED etc.)
- Added DataLayout entry to type_dict so the generator correctly maps
DataLayout
### Tests
modules/dnn/misc/java/test/DnnBlobFromImageWithParamsTest.java:
New test added:
- testDataLayoutConstants: verifies all DATA_LAYOUT_* constants are accessible from Core
Pre-existing tests enabled (were commented out earlier):
- testBlobFromImageWithParamsNHWCScalarScale: verifies blobFromImageWithParams
produces correct output with DATA_LAYOUT_NHWC and per-channel scalar scaling
- testBlobFromImageWithParams4chMultiImage: verifies blobFromImagesWithParams
correctly handles a batch of images with DATA_LAYOUT_NHWC layout
Closes : #27264
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[Bug Fix] Slice2 empty-range crash in new DNN engine#29029
Closes: https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/29023
Merge with: https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/pull/1363
## Summary
ENGINE_NEW asserted `CV_Assert(outsz >= 0)` in `slice2_layer.cpp` when an ONNX Slice op had `start > end` with positive step. Per ONNX spec, such slices are valid and
produce an empty-range output (size 0). The hard assertion crashed SwinIR inference on ENGINE_NEW.
## Fix
- Replaced the fatal assertion with a graceful clamp: when `outsz < 0`, set `outsz = 0` and `end = start`.
- Moved `allEnds[axis] = end` to after the clamp so downstream shape inference receives a consistent value (the previous order propagated un-clamped garbage end values
into `normalize_axis()`, causing SIGSEGV).
## Test
Adds `Reproducibility_SwinIR_ONNX` accuracy test in `test_model.cpp`. Test data registered in opencv_extra PR with matching branch name `fix/dnn-slice2-empty-range`.
- Without fix: 3/3 FAIL with `slice2_layer.cpp:124: (-215:Assertion failed) outsz >= 0`
- With fix: 3/3 PASS (CPU, OCL, OCL_FP16)
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SIMD Kernel speedup for DNN layers #28889
This PR add following speedups for Grounding Dino tiny model.
For Device: Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-14900KS, x86, 32 Cores, ubuntu 24.04,
| Model | `ENGINE_NEW (Before)` | `ENGINE_NEW (After)` | `ENGINE_ORT` |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Grounding Dino Tiny** | 3130 ms | 1872.06 ms| 1800.18 ms|
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core(rvv): fix v_matmul/v_matmuladd scalable semantics and expand lane-group test coverage #29080
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## Platform
SpacemiT X60 (K1), 8-core RISC-V RVV 1.0, VLEN=256, 16GB RAM, OS: Bianbu Linux (kernel 6.6.63), GCC 13.2.0, Build: OpenCV 4.14.0-pre, Release, HAL: YES (RVV HAL 0.0.1)
## Motivation
OpenCV's Universal Intrinsics `v_matmul` and `v_matmuladd` have a semantic bug in the RVV scalable backend (`modules/core/include/opencv2/core/hal/intrin_rvv_scalable.hpp`).
The current implementation uses `v_extract_n(v, 0/1/2/3)` with hardcoded indices, assuming the vector holds exactly 4 float lanes (128-bit fixed). On hardware with VLEN=256 (e.g. SpacemiT K1 / BPI-F3), `v_float32` with LMUL=2 holds 16 lanes. As a result, lanes 4–15 silently reuse the inputs from lanes 0–3, producing wrong results.
OpenCV itself acknowledges this in `modules/core/src/matmul.simd.hpp`:
// v_matmuladd for RVV is 128-bit only but not scalable,
// this will fail the test Core_Transform.accuracy
The RVV scalable `transform_32f` path has been disabled because of this bug. However, the existing `TheTest<R>::test_matmul()` only checked the first 4-lane group (the outer loop was effectively hardcoded to `int i = 0`), so the bug was never caught by CI even on wide-vector backends.
## Modification
**Test fix** (`modules/core/test/test_intrin_utils.hpp`): Expanded `test_matmul()` to iterate over all 4-lane groups:
// Before (only checked lane group i=0)
int i = 0;
for (int j = i; j < i + 4; ++j) { ... }
// After (checks all lane groups)
for (int i = 0; i < VTraits<R>::vlanes(); i += 4)
{
for (int j = i; j < i + 4; ++j) { ... }
}
**Kernel fix** (`modules/core/include/opencv2/core/hal/intrin_rvv_scalable.hpp`): Rewrote `v_matmul` and `v_matmuladd` to process all 4-lane groups correctly. Each group of 4 lanes now independently computes the full matrix multiply using its own `v[i], v[i+1], v[i+2], v[i+3]` inputs. The `transform_32f` RVV path in `matmul.simd.hpp` remains disabled as the autovectorized path shows better performance on current hardware.
## Experiment 1: Bug reproduced on SpacemiT K1 (VLEN=256)
./opencv_test_core --gtest_filter="*intrin*"
Result: `hal_intrin128.float32x4_BASELINE` FAILED with 24 failures, all from lane groups i=4, i=8, i=12 (lanes 4–15).
Representative failures from `v_matmul` (line 1526):
i=4 j=4: actual=158 expected=56
i=4 j=5: actual=166.39999 expected=59.200001
i=8 j=8: actual=314.39999 expected=68.800003
i=12 j=12: actual=512.40002 expected=81.599998
Representative failures from `v_matmuladd` (line 1540):
i=4 j=4: actual=147.5 expected=51.5
i=8 j=8: actual=284.70001 expected=60.700001
i=12 j=12: actual=453.89999 expected=69.900002
Lane group i=0 (j=0..3) passed correctly — confirming the bug only affects lanes beyond the first 4, exactly as expected from the hardcoded `v_extract_n(v, 0/1/2/3)` implementation.
## Experiment 2: Both tests pass after fixing the kernel
./opencv_test_core --gtest_filter='hal_intrin128.float32x4_BASELINE'
[ OK ] hal_intrin128.float32x4_BASELINE (1859 ms)
[ PASSED ] 1 test.
./opencv_test_core --gtest_filter='Core_Transform.accuracy'
[ OK ] Core_Transform.accuracy (819 ms)
[ PASSED ] 1 test.
## Experiment 3: RVV transform path remains disabled (performance regression)
After re-enabling the RVV scalable `transform_32f` path experimentally, benchmarks showed a significant regression vs the compiler-autovectorized scalar path (CV_32FC3):
Size RVV path Scalar path Ratio
640x480 7.83 ms 1.48 ms 5.3x slower
1280x720 23.96 ms 5.17 ms 4.6x slower
1920x1080 53.76 ms 10.12 ms 5.3x slower
The compiler-autovectorized path outperforms the hand-written RVV kernel for this workload, consistent with the original comment in `matmul.simd.hpp`. The `transform_32f` RVV path is therefore kept disabled in this PR. The kernel fix to `v_matmul`/`v_matmuladd` remains necessary for correctness on wide-vector hardware, and the expanded test ensures the bug cannot regress silently in future.
Fixed gatherND offset calculation #29084
Bug fix: fixed segmentation fault when running ALIKED onnx model with ENGINE_NEW.
### Description
issue: when running ALIKED onnx model with ENGINE_NEW, segmentation fault happens during the inference.
fix: fixed the offset calculation in gatherND.cpp, so gather does not access out-of-bound memory.
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Abhishek Gola
Zixi Wang
Alexander Smorkalov
vrooomy
Alexander Smorkalov
Varun Jaiswal
Prasad Ayush Kumar
nklskyoy
Shelia J.
sujal
yuomy
Jules
Adrian Kretz
Yixuan Tang
Naresh
kevinylin88