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Added two more drawing tutorials

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Ana Huaman
2011-06-14 23:19:19 +00:00
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doc/tutorials/Drawing_2.rst
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Fancy Drawing!
****************
Goals
======
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
* Use the *Random Number generator class* (:rng:`RNG <>`) and how to get a random number from a uniform distribution.
* Display Text on an OpenCV window by using the function :put_text:`putText <>`
Code
=====
* In the previous tutorial we drew diverse geometric figures, giving as input parameters such as coordinates (in the form of :point:`Points <>`), color, thickness, etc. You might have noticed that we gave specific values for these arguments.
* In this tutorial, we intend to use *random* values for the drawing parameters. Also, we intend to populate our image with a big number of geometric figures. Since we will be initializing them in a random fashion, this process will be automatic and made by using *loops*
* You will find the code in the *samples/cpp* folder of your OpenCV distribution. The file is **drawing_2.cpp**
Explanation
============
#. Let's start by checking out the *main* function. We observe that first thing we do is creating a *Random Number Generator* object (RNG):
.. code-block:: cpp
RNG rng( 0xFFFFFFFF );
RNG implements a random number generator. In this example, *rng* is a RNG element initialized with the value *0xFFFFFFFF*
#. Then we create a matrix initialized to *zeros* (which means that it will appear as black), specifying its height, width and its type:
.. code-block:: cpp
/// Initialize a matrix filled with zeros
Mat image = Mat::zeros( window_height, window_width, CV_8UC3 );
/// Show it in a window during DELAY ms
imshow( window_name, image );
#. Then we proceed to draw crazy stuff. After taking a look at the code, you can see that it is mainly divided in 8 sections, defined as functions:
.. code-block:: cpp
/// Now, let's draw some lines
c = Drawing_Random_Lines(image, window_name, rng);
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Go on drawing, this time nice rectangles
c = Drawing_Random_Rectangles(image, window_name, rng);
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Draw some ellipses
c = Drawing_Random_Ellipses( image, window_name, rng );
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Now some polylines
c = Drawing_Random_Polylines( image, window_name, rng );
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Draw filled polygons
c = Drawing_Random_Filled_Polygons( image, window_name, rng );
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Draw circles
c = Drawing_Random_Circles( image, window_name, rng );
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Display text in random positions
c = Displaying_Random_Text( image, window_name, rng );
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
/// Displaying the big end!
c = Displaying_Big_End( image, window_name, rng );
All of these functions follow the same pattern, so we will analyze only a couple of them, since the same explanation applies for all.
#. Checking out the function **Drawing_Random_Lines**:
.. code-block:: cpp
/**
* @function Drawing_Random_Lines
*/
int Drawing_Random_Lines( Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng )
{
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for( int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++ )
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform( x_1, x_2 );
pt1.y = rng.uniform( y_1, y_2 );
pt2.x = rng.uniform( x_1, x_2 );
pt2.y = rng.uniform( y_1, y_2 );
line( image, pt1, pt2, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), 8 );
imshow( window_name, image );
if( waitKey( DELAY ) >= 0 )
{ return -1; }
}
return 0;
}
We can observe the following:
* The *for* loop will repeat **NUMBER** times. Since the function :line:`line <>` is inside this loop, that means that **NUMBER** lines will be generated.
* The line extremes are given by *pt1* and *pt2*. For *pt1* we can see that:
.. code-block:: cpp
pt1.x = rng.uniform( x_1, x_2 );
pt1.y = rng.uniform( y_1, y_2 );
* We know that **rng** is a *Random number generator* object. In the code above we are calling **rng.uniform(a,b)**. This generates a radombly uniformed distribution between the values **a** and **b** (inclusive in **a**, exclusive in **b**).
* From the explanation above, we deduce that the extremes *pt1* and *pt2* will be random values, so the lines positions will be quite impredictable, giving a nice visual effect (check out the Result section below).
* As another observation, we notice that in the :line:`line <>` arguments, for the *color* input we enter:
.. code-block:: cpp
randomColor(rng)
Let's check the function implementation:
.. code-block:: cpp
static Scalar randomColor( RNG& rng )
{
int icolor = (unsigned) rng;
return Scalar( icolor&255, (icolor>>8)&255, (icolor>>16)&255 );
}
As we can see, the return value is an *Scalar* with 3 randomly initialized values, which are used as the *R*, *G* and *B* parameters for the line color. Hence, the color of the lines will be random too!
#. The explanation above applies for the other functions generating circles, ellipses, polygones, etc. The parameters such as *center* and *vertices* are also generated randomly.
#. Before finishing, we also should take a look at the functions *Display_Random_Text* and *Displaying_Big_End*, since they both have a few interesting features:
#. **Display_Random_Text:**
.. code-block:: cpp
int Displaying_Random_Text( Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng )
{
int lineType = 8;
for ( int i = 1; i < NUMBER; i++ )
{
Point org;
org.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
org.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
putText( image, "Testing text rendering", org, rng.uniform(0,8),
rng.uniform(0,100)*0.05+0.1, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), lineType);
imshow( window_name, image );
if( waitKey(DELAY) >= 0 )
{ return -1; }
}
return 0;
}
Everything looks familiar but the expression:
.. code-block:: cpp
putText( image, "Testing text rendering", org, rng.uniform(0,8),
rng.uniform(0,100)*0.05+0.1, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), lineType);
So, what does the function :put_text:`putText <>` do? In our example:
* Draws the text **"Testing text rendering"** in **image**
* The bottom-left corner of the text will be located in the Point **org**
* The font type is a random integer value in the range: :math:`[0, 8>`.
* The scale of the font is denoted by the expression **rng.uniform(0, 100)x0.05 + 0.1** (meaning its range is: :math:`[0.1, 5.1>`)
* The text color is random (denoted by **randomColor(rng)**)
* The text thickness ranges between 1 and 10, as specified by **rng.uniform(1,10)**
As a result, we will get (analagously to the other drawing functions) **NUMBER** texts over our image, in random locations.
#. **Displaying_Big_End**
.. code-block:: cpp
int Displaying_Big_End( Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng )
{
Size textsize = getTextSize("OpenCV forever!", CV_FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3, 5, 0);
Point org((window_width - textsize.width)/2, (window_height - textsize.height)/2);
int lineType = 8;
Mat image2;
for( int i = 0; i < 255; i += 2 )
{
image2 = image - Scalar::all(i);
putText( image2, "OpenCV forever!", org, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3,
Scalar(i, i, 255), 5, lineType );
imshow( window_name, image2 );
if( waitKey(DELAY) >= 0 )
{ return -1; }
}
return 0;
}
Besides the function **getTextSize** (which gets the size of the argument text), the new operation we can observe is inside the *foor* loop:
.. code-block:: cpp
image2 = image - Scalar::all(i)
So, **image2** is the substraction of **image** and **Scalar::all(i)**. In fact, what happens here is that every pixel of **image2** will be the result of substracting every pixel of **image** minus the value of **i** (remember that for each pixel we are considering three values such as R, G and B, so each of them will be affected)
Also remember that the substraction operation *always* performs internally a **saturate** operation, which means that the result obtained will always be inside the allowed range (no negative and between 0 and 255 for our example).
Result
========
As you just saw in the Code section, the program will sequentially execute diverse drawing functions, which will produce:
#. First a random set of *NUMBER* lines will appear on screen such as it can be seen in this screenshot:
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_0.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 0
:align: center
#. Then, a new set of figures, these time *rectangles* will follow:
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_1.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 1
:align: center
#. Now some ellipses will appear, each of them with random position, size, thickness and arc length:
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_2.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 2
:align: center
#. Now, *polylines* with 03 segments will appear on screen, again in random configurations.
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_3.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 3
:align: center
#. Filled polygons (in this example triangles) will follow:
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_4.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 4
:align: center
#. The last geometric figure to appear: circles!
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_5.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 5
:align: center
#. Near the end, the text *"Testing Text Rendering"* will appear in a variety of fonts, sizes, colors and positions.
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_6.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 6
:align: center
#. And the big end (which by the way expresses a big truth too):
.. image:: images/Drawing_2_Tutorial_Result_7.png
:height: 300px
:alt: Drawing Tutorial 2 - Final Result 7
:align: center