Merge pull request #24234 from dkurt:distanceTransform_max_dist

Change max distance at distanceTransform #24234

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

resolves https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/23895
related: https://github.com/opencv/opencv/pull/12278

* DIST_MASK_3 and DIST_MASK_5 maximal distance increased from 8192 to 65533 +/- 1
* Fix squares processing at DIST_MASK_PRECISE
* - [ ] TODO: Check with IPP

```cpp
    cv::Mat gray = cv::imread("opencv/samples/data/stuff.jpg", cv::ImreadModes::IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);

    cv::Mat gray_resize;
    cv::resize(gray, gray_resize, cv::Size(70000,70000), 0.0, 0.0, cv::INTER_LINEAR);

    gray_resize = gray_resize >= 100;

    cv::Mat dist;
    cv::distanceTransform(gray_resize, dist, cv::DIST_L2, cv::DIST_MASK_5, CV_32F);

    double minVal, maxVal;
    minMaxLoc(dist, &minVal, &maxVal);
    dist = 255 * (dist - minVal) / (maxVal - minVal);
    std::cout << minVal << " " << maxVal << std::endl;

    cv::Mat dist_resize;
    cv::resize(dist, dist_resize, cv::Size(1024,1024), 0.0, 0.0, cv::INTER_LINEAR);

    cv::String outfilePath = "test_mask_5.png";
    cv::imwrite(outfilePath, dist_resize);
```

mask | 4.x | PR |
----------|--------------|--------------
DIST_MASK_3 | <img src="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/assets/25801568/23e5de76-a8ba-4eb8-ab03-fa55672834be" width="128"> | <img src="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/assets/25801568/e1149f6a-49d6-47bd-a2a8-20bb7e4dafa4" width="128"> |
DIST_MASK_5 | <img src="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/assets/25801568/98aba29b-8865-4b9a-8066-669b16d175c9" width="128"> | <img src="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/assets/25801568/54f62ed2-9ef6-485f-bd63-48cc96accd7d" width="128"> |
DIST_MASK_PRECISE | <img src="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/assets/25801568/c4d79451-fd7a-461f-98fc-13060c63f473" width="128"> | <img src="https://github.com/opencv/opencv/assets/25801568/b5bfcaf5-bc48-40ba-b8e3-d000e5ab48db" width="128">|

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [x] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [x] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [x] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

modules/imgproc/test/test_distancetransform.cpp

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 //M*/
 
 #include "test_precomp.hpp"
+#include <numeric>
 
 namespace opencv_test { namespace {
 
@@ -368,4 +369,51 @@ BIGDATA_TEST(Imgproc_DistanceTransform, issue_23895_5x5_labels)
     EXPECT_EQ(nz, 0);
 }
 
+TEST(Imgproc_DistanceTransform, max_distance_3x3)
+{
+    Mat src = Mat::ones(1, 70000, CV_8U), dist;
+    src.at<uint8_t>(0, 0) = 0;
+    distanceTransform(src, dist, DIST_L2, DIST_MASK_3);
+
+    double minVal, maxVal;
+    minMaxLoc(dist, &minVal, &maxVal);
+    EXPECT_GE(maxVal, 65533);
+}
+
+TEST(Imgproc_DistanceTransform, max_distance_5x5)
+{
+    Mat src = Mat::ones(1, 70000, CV_8U), dist;
+    src.at<uint8_t>(0, 0) = 0;
+    distanceTransform(src, dist, DIST_L2, DIST_MASK_5);
+
+    double minVal, maxVal;
+    minMaxLoc(dist, &minVal, &maxVal);
+    EXPECT_GE(maxVal, 65533);
+}
+
+TEST(Imgproc_DistanceTransform, max_distance_5x5_labels)
+{
+    Mat src = Mat::ones(1, 70000, CV_8U), dist, labels;
+    src.at<uint8_t>(0, 0) = 0;
+    distanceTransform(src, dist, labels, DIST_L2, DIST_MASK_5);
+
+    double minVal, maxVal;
+    minMaxLoc(dist, &minVal, &maxVal);
+    EXPECT_GE(maxVal, 65533);
+}
+
+TEST(Imgproc_DistanceTransform, precise_long_dist)
+{
+    static const int maxDist = 1 << 16;
+    Mat src = Mat::ones(1, 70000, CV_8U), dist;
+    src.at<uint8_t>(0, 0) = 0;
+    distanceTransform(src, dist, DIST_L2, DIST_MASK_PRECISE, CV_32F);
+
+    Mat expected(src.size(), CV_32F);
+    std::iota(expected.begin<float>(), expected.end<float>(), 0.f);
+    expected.colRange(maxDist, expected.cols).setTo(maxDist);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(cv::norm(expected, dist, NORM_INF), 0);
+}
+
 }} // namespace