Merge pull request #25598 from asmorkalov:as/tables_range_check_core

Check range for type-dependant function tables #25598

Address https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/24703

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [x] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [ ] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [ ] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

modules/core/src/matrix_operations.cpp

@@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ void cv::sort( InputArray _src, OutputArray _dst, int flags )
     Mat dst = _dst.getMat();
     CV_IPP_RUN_FAST(ipp_sort(src, dst, flags));
 
-    static SortFunc tab[] =
+    static SortFunc tab[CV_DEPTH_MAX] =
     {
         sort_<uchar>, sort_<schar>, sort_<ushort>, sort_<short>,
         sort_<int>, sort_<float>, sort_<double>, 0
@@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ void cv::sortIdx( InputArray _src, OutputArray _dst, int flags )
 
     CV_IPP_RUN_FAST(ipp_sortIdx(src, dst, flags));
 
-    static SortFunc tab[] =
+    static SortFunc tab[CV_DEPTH_MAX] =
     {
         sortIdx_<uchar>, sortIdx_<schar>, sortIdx_<ushort>, sortIdx_<short>,
         sortIdx_<int>, sortIdx_<float>, sortIdx_<double>, 0