Deduplicate UBJSON/BJData length-type error message

The "expected length type specification" parse error was built with an
identical if/else block in both get_ubjson_string() and
get_ubjson_size_value(), each branching on the input format to pick the
marker list. Extract a single unexpected_length_type_message() helper that
selects the markers via a ternary and appends the caller-supplied infix,
removing four near-duplicate message strings and centralizing the marker
list. Error messages are unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01Tv6SnfYbcx8y3y4PrECcto

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ jobs:
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
       with:
         languages: c-cpp
 
     # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
     # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0

.github/workflows/flawfinder.yml

@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@ jobs:
           output: 'flawfinder_results.sarif'
 
       - name: Upload analysis results to GitHub Security tab
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
         with:
           sarif_file: ${{github.workspace}}/flawfinder_results.sarif

.github/workflows/scorecards.yml

@@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ jobs:
 
       # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
       - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
         with:
           sarif_file: results.sarif

.github/workflows/semgrep.yml

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
 
       # Upload SARIF file generated in previous step
       - name: Upload SARIF file
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@54f647b7e1bb85c95cddabcd46b0c578ec92bc1a # v4.36.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@99df26d4f13ea111d4ec1a7dddef6063f76b97e9 # v4.37.0
         with:
           sarif_file: semgrep.sarif
         if: always()

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           egress-policy: audit
 
-      - uses: actions/stale@eb5cf3af3ac0a1aa4c9c45633dd1ae542a27a899 # v10.3.0
+      - uses: actions/stale@1e223db275d687790206a7acac4d1a11bd6fe629 # v10.4.0
         with:
           stale-issue-label: 'state: stale'
           stale-pr-label: 'state: stale'

include/nlohmann/detail/input/binary_reader.hpp

@@ -1846,6 +1846,47 @@ class binary_reader
         return get_ubjson_value(get_char ? get_ignore_noop() : current);
     }
 
+    /*!
+    @brief reject a negative UBJSON/BJData string length
+
+    String and key lengths are written with signed integer markers (i, I, l,
+    L). A negative value is malformed; without this check get_string() would
+    silently treat it as an empty string and leave the following bytes to be
+    misread as the next value. This mirrors the non-negative check the
+    optimized-container count path already performs in get_ubjson_size_value.
+
+    @param[in] len  the string length read from the input
+    @return whether the length is valid (non-negative)
+    */
+    template<typename NumberType>
+    bool check_ubjson_string_length(const NumberType len)
+    {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len < 0))
+        {
+            return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), parse_error::create(113, chars_read,
+                                    exception_message(input_format, "string length must not be negative", "string"), nullptr));
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /*!
+    @brief create the error message for a missing/invalid length-type marker
+
+    Used both when reading a UBJSON/BJData string and when reading an optimized
+    container size. The accepted markers depend on the input format, and the
+    size variant appends " after '#'" via @a infix.
+
+    @param[in] last_token  the offending byte as returned by get_token_string()
+    @param[in] infix       extra context inserted after the marker list
+    @return the formatted error message
+    */
+    std::string unexpected_length_type_message(const std::string& last_token, const char* infix) const
+    {
+        return concat("expected length type specification (",
+                      input_format == input_format_t::bjdata ? "U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L" : "U, i, I, l, L",
+                      ")", infix, "; last byte: 0x", last_token);
+    }
+
     /*!
     @brief reads a UBJSON string
 
@@ -1883,25 +1924,25 @@ class binary_reader
             case 'i':
             {
                 std::int8_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'I':
             {
                 std::int16_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'l':
             {
                 std::int32_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'L':
             {
                 std::int64_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'u':
@@ -1938,17 +1979,8 @@ class binary_reader
                 break;
         }
         auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        std::string message;
+        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read,
-
+                                exception_message(input_format, unexpected_length_type_message(last_token, ""), "string"), nullptr));
-        if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata)
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, message, "string"), nullptr));
     }
 
     /*!
@@ -2227,17 +2259,8 @@ class binary_reader
                 break;
         }
         auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        std::string message;
+        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read,
-
+                                exception_message(input_format, unexpected_length_type_message(last_token, " after '#'"), "size"), nullptr));
-        if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata)
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, message, "size"), nullptr));
     }
 
     /*!

include/nlohmann/detail/input/input_adapters.hpp

@@ -395,17 +395,30 @@ struct wide_string_input_helper<BaseInputAdapter, 2>
             }
             else
             {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!input.empty()))
+                // A supplementary code point is a high surrogate (0xD800..0xDBFF)
+                // followed by a low surrogate (0xDC00..0xDFFF). A lone low
+                // surrogate, a high surrogate at the end of the input, or a high
+                // surrogate followed by any other unit is malformed UTF-16. In
+                // that case the offending unit is passed through unchanged so the
+                // UTF-8 decoder rejects it, matching how \uXXXX surrogate escapes
+                // are handled in the lexer.
+                bool valid_pair = false;
+                if (wc <= 0xDBFF && JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!input.empty()))
                 {
                     const auto wc2 = static_cast<unsigned int>(input.get_character());
-                    const auto charcode = 0x10000u + (((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
+                    if (0xDC00 <= wc2 && wc2 <= 0xDFFF)
-                    utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
+                    {
-                    utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
+                        const auto charcode = 0x10000u + (((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
-                    utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
-                    utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
-                    utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
+                        utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
+                        valid_pair = true;
+                    }
                 }
-                else
+
+                if (!valid_pair)
                 {
                     utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
                     utf8_bytes_filled = 1;

single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp

@@ -7382,17 +7382,30 @@ struct wide_string_input_helper<BaseInputAdapter, 2>
             }
             else
             {
-                if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!input.empty()))
+                // A supplementary code point is a high surrogate (0xD800..0xDBFF)
+                // followed by a low surrogate (0xDC00..0xDFFF). A lone low
+                // surrogate, a high surrogate at the end of the input, or a high
+                // surrogate followed by any other unit is malformed UTF-16. In
+                // that case the offending unit is passed through unchanged so the
+                // UTF-8 decoder rejects it, matching how \uXXXX surrogate escapes
+                // are handled in the lexer.
+                bool valid_pair = false;
+                if (wc <= 0xDBFF && JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(!input.empty()))
                 {
                     const auto wc2 = static_cast<unsigned int>(input.get_character());
-                    const auto charcode = 0x10000u + (((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
+                    if (0xDC00 <= wc2 && wc2 <= 0xDFFF)
-                    utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
+                    {
-                    utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
+                        const auto charcode = 0x10000u + (((static_cast<unsigned int>(wc) & 0x3FFu) << 10u) | (wc2 & 0x3FFu));
-                    utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0xF0u | (charcode >> 18u));
-                    utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes[1] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 12u) & 0x3Fu));
-                    utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
+                        utf8_bytes[2] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | ((charcode >> 6u) & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes[3] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(0x80u | (charcode & 0x3Fu));
+                        utf8_bytes_filled = 4;
+                        valid_pair = true;
+                    }
                 }
-                else
+
+                if (!valid_pair)
                 {
                     utf8_bytes[0] = static_cast<std::char_traits<char>::int_type>(wc);
                     utf8_bytes_filled = 1;
@@ -12382,6 +12395,47 @@ class binary_reader
         return get_ubjson_value(get_char ? get_ignore_noop() : current);
     }
 
+    /*!
+    @brief reject a negative UBJSON/BJData string length
+
+    String and key lengths are written with signed integer markers (i, I, l,
+    L). A negative value is malformed; without this check get_string() would
+    silently treat it as an empty string and leave the following bytes to be
+    misread as the next value. This mirrors the non-negative check the
+    optimized-container count path already performs in get_ubjson_size_value.
+
+    @param[in] len  the string length read from the input
+    @return whether the length is valid (non-negative)
+    */
+    template<typename NumberType>
+    bool check_ubjson_string_length(const NumberType len)
+    {
+        if (JSON_HEDLEY_UNLIKELY(len < 0))
+        {
+            return sax->parse_error(chars_read, get_token_string(), parse_error::create(113, chars_read,
+                                    exception_message(input_format, "string length must not be negative", "string"), nullptr));
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /*!
+    @brief create the error message for a missing/invalid length-type marker
+
+    Used both when reading a UBJSON/BJData string and when reading an optimized
+    container size. The accepted markers depend on the input format, and the
+    size variant appends " after '#'" via @a infix.
+
+    @param[in] last_token  the offending byte as returned by get_token_string()
+    @param[in] infix       extra context inserted after the marker list
+    @return the formatted error message
+    */
+    std::string unexpected_length_type_message(const std::string& last_token, const char* infix) const
+    {
+        return concat("expected length type specification (",
+                      input_format == input_format_t::bjdata ? "U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L" : "U, i, I, l, L",
+                      ")", infix, "; last byte: 0x", last_token);
+    }
+
     /*!
     @brief reads a UBJSON string
 
@@ -12419,25 +12473,25 @@ class binary_reader
             case 'i':
             {
                 std::int8_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'I':
             {
                 std::int16_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'l':
             {
                 std::int32_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'L':
             {
                 std::int64_t len{};
-                return get_number(input_format, len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
+                return get_number(input_format, len) && check_ubjson_string_length(len) && get_string(input_format, len, result);
             }
 
             case 'u':
@@ -12474,17 +12528,8 @@ class binary_reader
                 break;
         }
         auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        std::string message;
+        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read,
-
+                                exception_message(input_format, unexpected_length_type_message(last_token, ""), "string"), nullptr));
-        if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata)
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L); last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, message, "string"), nullptr));
     }
 
     /*!
@@ -12763,17 +12808,8 @@ class binary_reader
                 break;
         }
         auto last_token = get_token_string();
-        std::string message;
+        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read,
-
+                                exception_message(input_format, unexpected_length_type_message(last_token, " after '#'"), "size"), nullptr));
-        if (input_format != input_format_t::bjdata)
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            message = "expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x" + last_token;
-        }
-        return sax->parse_error(chars_read, last_token, parse_error::create(113, chars_read, exception_message(input_format, message, "size"), nullptr));
     }
 
     /*!

tests/src/unit-bjdata.cpp

@@ -2721,6 +2721,19 @@ TEST_CASE("BJData")
                 CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing BJData string: expected length type specification (U, i, u, I, m, l, M, L); last byte: 0x31", json::parse_error&);
             }
 
+            SECTION("negative length")
+            {
+                json _;
+
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const vi = {'S', 'i', 0xFF};
+                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vi), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing BJData string: string length must not be negative", json::parse_error&);
+                CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vi, true, false).is_discarded());
+
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const vl = {'S', 'l', 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
+                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_bjdata(vl), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 6: syntax error while parsing BJData string: string length must not be negative", json::parse_error&);
+                CHECK(json::from_bjdata(vl, true, false).is_discarded());
+            }
+
             SECTION("parse bjdata markers in ubjson")
             {
                 // create a single-character string for all number types

tests/src/unit-ubjson.cpp

@@ -1862,6 +1862,31 @@ TEST_CASE("UBJSON")
                 json _;
                 CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L); last byte: 0x31", json::parse_error&);
             }
+
+            SECTION("negative length")
+            {
+                json _;
+
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const vi = {'S', 'i', 0xFF};
+                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vi), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: string length must not be negative", json::parse_error&);
+                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vi, true, false).is_discarded());
+
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const vI = {'S', 'I', 0xFF, 0xFF};
+                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vI), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: string length must not be negative", json::parse_error&);
+                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vI, true, false).is_discarded());
+
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const vl = {'S', 'l', 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
+                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vl), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 6: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: string length must not be negative", json::parse_error&);
+                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vl, true, false).is_discarded());
+
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const vL = {'S', 'L', 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
+                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vL), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 10: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: string length must not be negative", json::parse_error&);
+                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vL, true, false).is_discarded());
+
+                // a length of zero remains valid and yields an empty string
+                std::vector<uint8_t> const v0 = {'S', 'i', 0};
+                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v0) == json(""));
+            }
         }
 
         SECTION("array")

tests/src/unit-wstring.cpp

@@ -53,6 +53,27 @@ TEST_CASE("wide strings")
             std::wstring const w = L"\"\xDBFF";
             json _;
             CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::parse(w), json::parse_error&);
+
+            // the exact message depends on the width of wchar_t: a 16-bit
+            // wchar_t passes the lone surrogate to the UTF-8 decoder unchanged
+            // (rejected as a single ill-formed byte at column 2), while a
+            // 32-bit wchar_t first encodes it as an ill-formed three-byte
+            // sequence (rejected one byte later, at column 3)
+            const char* const error_low_surrogate = sizeof(wchar_t) == 2
+                                                    ? "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 2: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"<U+0000>'"
+                                                    : "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 3: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"\xED\xB0'";
+            const char* const error_high_surrogate = sizeof(wchar_t) == 2
+                ? "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 2: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"<U+0000>'"
+                : "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 3: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"\xED\xA0'";
+
+            // a lone low surrogate cannot start a pair
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::parse(std::wstring{L'"', static_cast<wchar_t>(0xDC00), L'"'}), error_low_surrogate, json::parse_error&);
+            // a high surrogate followed by a non-low-surrogate unit is invalid
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::parse(std::wstring{L'"', static_cast<wchar_t>(0xD800), L'a', L'"'}), error_high_surrogate, json::parse_error&);
+            // a lone low surrogate must not swallow the following unit: pairing
+            // it with any second unit would produce valid UTF-8, so the error
+            // has to report an ill-formed byte at the surrogate's own position
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::parse(std::wstring{L'"', static_cast<wchar_t>(0xDC00), L'a', L'"'}), error_low_surrogate, json::parse_error&);
         }
     }
 
@@ -68,11 +89,22 @@ TEST_CASE("wide strings")
 
     SECTION("invalid std::u16string")
     {
-        if (wstring_is_utf16())
+        if (u16string_is_utf16())
         {
             std::u16string const w = u"\"\xDBFF";
             json _;
             CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::parse(w), json::parse_error&);
+
+            // a lone low surrogate cannot start a pair
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::parse(std::u16string{u'"', 0xDC00, u'"'}), "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 2: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"<U+0000>'", json::parse_error&);
+            // a high surrogate followed by a non-low-surrogate unit is invalid
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::parse(std::u16string{u'"', 0xD800, u'a', u'"'}), "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 2: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"<U+0000>'", json::parse_error&);
+            // a lone low surrogate must not swallow the following unit: pairing
+            // it with any second unit would produce valid UTF-8, so the error
+            // has to report an ill-formed byte at the surrogate's own position
+            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::parse(std::u16string{u'"', 0xDC00, u'a', u'"'}), "[json.exception.parse_error.101] parse error at line 1, column 2: syntax error while parsing value - invalid string: ill-formed UTF-8 byte; last read: '\"<U+0000>'", json::parse_error&);
+            // a valid surrogate pair is still decoded (U+1F600)
+            CHECK(json::parse(std::u16string{u'"', 0xD83D, 0xDE00, u'"'}).get<std::string>() == "\xF0\x9F\x98\x80");
         }
     }